J. Except. People 2022, 11(1):39-53

Attitudes of pre-service teachers towards inclusive education for all in India

Hemendra Mistry1, Martin Skutil2
1 ICSSR Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Education, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat, India
2 Institute of Primary, Pre-primary and Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

This study sought to determine the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards inclusive education for all students in regular classrooms. Teachers' attitude towards inclusive education scale was administered through an online survey using Google form. A total of 217 pre-service teachers (male 72, female 135) enrolled in a 2-year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programme at Gujarat State Universities in India had completed and responded to the survey. The study results showed that participants had a positive attitude towards inclusive education. Pre-service teachers had the most positive attitudes to supporting learning needs of diverse students in an inclusive classroom. Only two variables, the highest level of education and level of training in inclusive education were found to relate significantly to pre-service teachers attitudes towards inclusive education. There was no significant difference in pre-service teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education with regards to their gender, age, previous teaching experience and perceived level of knowledge regarding inclusion policies and legislations. The study findings have possible implications for policy makers and stakeholders involved in teachers' training in India and other countries in the South Asian region.

Keywords: Teachers' attitudes, Pre-service teachers, Inclusion, Education for all, Teachers' training
Grants and funding:

This research was supported by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi, India, through the postdoctoral fellowship awarded (F. No. 3/24/19-20/PDF/GEN) to Dr. Hemendra Mistry. The article publishing was supported by the Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Kralove (Czech Republic).

Published: December 11, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Mistry, H., & Skutil, M. (2022). Attitudes of pre-service teachers towards inclusive education for all in India. Journal of Exceptional People11(20), 39-53
Download citation

References

  1. Sharma, U., Shaukat, S. and Furlonger, B. (2014). Attitudes and Self-efficacy of Pre-service Teachers towards Inclusion in Pakistan. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 15(2): 97-105. DOI: 10.1111/1471-3802.12071. Go to original source...
  2. UNESCO (1994). The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special needs education. Paris, France: UNESCO.
  3. UN (2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Retrieved on July 13, 2020, from http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml.
  4. Ministry of Human Resource Development (1986). National Policy on Education. New Delhi: Government of India.
  5. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (1995). Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights & Full Participation) Avt (1995) [online]. Retrieved on May 13, 2020, from http://socialjustice.nic.in/pwdact1995.php.
  6. Ministry of Law and Justice (2016). Right to Persons with Disabilities Act [online]. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RPWD%20ACT%202016.pdf.
  7. Ministry of Human Resource and Development (2009). Right to Education Act [online]. Retrieved on July 17, 2020, from http://mhrd.gov.in/rte.
  8. Ministry of Human Resource Development (2001). Sarva Siksha Abhiyan. New Delhi: Government of India.
  9. Ministry of Education (2018). Samagra Siksha. Department of School Education and Literacy, Government of India. Retrieved on August 2, 2021, from https://samagra.education.gov.in/
  10. Tuli, U. (2020). Inclusive Education in India: From Concept to Reality [online]. Retrieved August 21, 2021, from http://teachersofindia.org/en/article/inclusive-education-india-concept-reality.
  11. Ministry of Home Affairs (2011). Census (2011) [online]. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from http://censusindia.gov.in/.
  12. UNESCO (2019). N for Nose: State of the Education Report for India 2019: Children with Disabilities [online]. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://en.unesco.org/news/n-nose-state-education-report-india-2019-children-disability.
  13. Rajaraman, K. and Krishna, N. (2021). Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities during COVID-19 [online]. Retrieved August 22, 2021, from https://idronline.org/inclusive-education-for-children-with-disabilities-during-covid-19/.
  14. Pandey, P. (2020). The New Education Policy and Inclusive Education Framework in India [online]. Retrieved August 21, 2021, from http://rsrr.in/2020/09/29/new-education-policy-inclusive-education-india/.
  15. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF] (n.d.). Inclusive Education: Every Child has the Right to Quality Education and Learning [online]. Retrieved August 23, 2021, from https://www.unicef.org/education/inclusive-education.
  16. UNESCO (2021). Global education monitoring report, 2021, Central and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia: inclusion and education: all means all [online]. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375490.
  17. Hande Sart, Z., Bariş, S., Düşkün, Y. and Sariişik, Y. (2016). The Right of Children with Disabilities to Education: Situation Analysis and Recommendations for Turkey [online]. Istanbul, Turkey, Education Reform Initiative. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from http://en.egitimreformugirisimi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/UnicefOzelGereksinimliRaporENG.08.06.16.web_.pdf.
  18. Ackers, J. (2018). Teacher Education and Inclusive Education [online]. Paris, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from www.iiep.unesco.org/en/teacher-education-and-inclusive-education-4789.
  19. Ainscow, M. (2005). Developing Inclusive Education Systems: What Are the Levers for Change? Journal of Educational Change, 6: 109-24. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10833-005-1298-4. Go to original source...
  20. European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education (2012). Teacher Education for Inclusion: Profile of Inclusive Teachers. Odense, Denmark, European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://www.european-agency.org/sites/default/files/Profile-of-Inclusive-Teachers.pdf.
  21. OECD (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Volume I): Annex B1 - Results for Countries and Economies. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1787/888934029090. Go to original source...
  22. NCTE (2014). NCTE Regulations, 2014 [online]. Retrieved on July 21, 2021, from https://www.ncte.gov.in/website/PDF/regulation/regulation2014/english/appendix4.pdf.
  23. Kumari, P., Nayan, R., Aggarwal, S. P. and Baswani, G. (2019). Rethinking Teacher Education Programmes for Inclusive Classrooms: Issues and Challenges in India [online]. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 9(2): 143-48. Retrieved August 5, 2021, from http://www.ijiet.org/vol9/1189-P011.pdf. Go to original source...
  24. Das, A., Kuyini, A. B. and Desai, I. P. (2013). Inclusive Education in India: Are the Teachers Prepared? International Journal of Special Education, 28(1): 27-36. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1013694.pdf.
  25. Yadav, M., Das, A., Sharma, S. and Tiwari, A. (2015). Understanding Teachers' Concerns about Inclusive Education [online]. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(3). DOI: 10.1007/s12564-015-9405-616. Go to original source...
  26. Romi, S. and Leyser, Y. (2006). Exploring Inclusive Pre-service Training Needs: A Study of Variables Associated with Attitudes and Self-efficacy Beliefs [online]. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 21(1): 85-105. Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250500491880. Go to original source...
  27. Sharma, U., Forlin, C. and Loreman, T. (2008). Impact of Training on Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes and Concerns about Inclusive Education and Sentiments about Persons with Disabilities [online]. Disability and Society, 23(7): 773-85. Retrieved August 16, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802469271. Go to original source...
  28. Woodcock, S. (2011). A Cross Sectional Study of Pre-service Teacher Efficacy through the Training Years. Austrian Journal of Teacher Education, 36(10): 23-34. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2011v36n10.1. Go to original source...
  29. Avramidis, E., and Norwich, B. (2002). Teachers' Attitudes towards Integration/Inclusion: A Review of the Literature [online]. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17(2): 129-147. Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250210129056. Go to original source...
  30. Loreman, T. and Earle, C. (2007). The Development of Attitudes, Sentiments, and Concerns about Inclusive Education in a Content-Infused Canadian Teacher Preparation Program. Exceptionality Education Canada, 17(1): 85-106. Retrieved July 25, 2021, from http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/eei.
  31. Savolainen, H., Engelbrecht, P., Nel, M. and Malinen, O. P. (2011). Understanding Teachers' Attitudes and Self-efficacy in Inclusive Education: Implications for Pre-service and In-service Teacher Education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 27(1): 51-68. DOI: 10.1080/08856257.2011.613603. Go to original source...
  32. Brownlee, J. and Carrington, S. (2000). Opportunities for Authentic Experience and Reflection: A Teaching Program Designed to Change Attitudes towards Disability for Pre-service Teachers [online]. Support for Learning, 15: 99-105. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://laulima.hawaii.edu/access/content/user/cawdery/ED_282/ED_284_Attitudes_preservice_Module_9.pdf. Go to original source...
  33. Loreman, T., Sharma, U., Forlin, C. and Earle, C. (2005). Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes and Concerns Regarding Inclusive Education. Proceeding of the International Special Education Congress, Glasgow, UK.
  34. Ahmad, M., Sharma, U. and Deppeler, J. M. (2013). Impact of Demographic Variables and School Support on Teacher Efficacy in Inclusive Classrooms in Bangladesh. The International Journal of Diversity in Education, 12(2): 1-14. DOI: 10.18848/2327-0020/CGP/v12i02/40053. Go to original source...
  35. Gibson, S. and Dembo, M. H. (1984). Teacher Efficacy: A Construct Validation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76: 569-82. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.569. Go to original source...
  36. Soodak, L. C. and Podell, D. M. (1994). Teachers' Thinking about Difficult-to-teach Students. Journal of Educational Research, 88: 44-51. DOI: 10.1080/0220671.1994.9944833. Go to original source...
  37. Ahsan, M. T., Deppeler, J. M. and Sharma, U. (2013). Predicting Pre-service Teachers' Preparedness for Inclusive Education: Bangladeshi Pre-service Teachers Attitudes and Perceived Teaching-efficacy for Inclusive Education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 43(4): 517-35. DOI: 10.1080/0305764X.2013.834036. Go to original source...
  38. Sharma, U. (2011). Teaching in Inclusive Classrooms: Changing Heart, Head and Hands [online]. Bangladesh Education Journal, 10(2): 7-18. Retrieved August 26, 2021, from https://www.bafed.net/articles/EDec11a1.pdf.
  39. Sharma, U., Forlin, C., Deppeler, J. M. and Yang, G. (2013). Reforming Teacher Education for Inclusion in Developing Countries in the Asia Pacific Region [online]. Asian Journal of Inclusive Education, 1(1): 3-16. Retrieved August 26, 2021, from http://ajie-bd.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/sharma.pdf. Go to original source...
  40. Keilblock, S. (2018). Inclusive Education for All: Development of an Instrument to Measure Teachers' Attitude [online]. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://d-nb.info/1162053941/34.
  41. Ministry of Education (2020). National Policy on Education, 2020. Retrieved on August 14, 2021, from https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf.
  42. Mistry, H. S. (2021). Teachers' Training on Inclusive Education in India: A Study of Gujarat Region. Unpublished Postdoctoral Research Report, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India.
  43. Sharma, U., Moore, D. and Sonawane, S. (2009). Attitudes and Concerns of Pre-service Teachers regarding Inclusion of Students with Disabilities into Regular Schools in Pune, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(3): 319-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13598660903050328. Go to original source...
  44. Bhakta, D. K. and Shit, B. (2016). Assessment of School Teachers' Attitude towards Inclusion of Special Educational Need Children in Regular Classroom. International journal of Humanities and Social Science Studies, 2(4): 249-55.
  45. Sharma, A., Chari, D. and Chunawala, S. (2017). Exploring Teachers' Attitudes towards Inclusive Education in Indian Context Using 'Type of Disability' Lens [online]. International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education, 6(2): 1134-42. DOI:10.20533/ijtie.2047.0533.2017.0140. Go to original source...
  46. Chandra, P. and Behera, S. K. (2018). Attitude of Regular and Special Primary School Teachers towards Inclusive Education in Purba and Paschim Medinipur Districts of West Bengal: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Research in Teacher Education, 9(2): 1-15.
  47. Singh, S., Kumar, S. and Singh, R. K. (2020). A Study of Attitude of Teachers towards Inclusive Education [online]. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 9(1): 189-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i1.3511. Go to original source...
  48. Ward, J., Center, Y. and Bochner, S. (1994). A Question of Attitudes: Integrating Children with Disabilities into Regular Classrooms? British Journal of Special Education, 21: 34-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8578.1994.tb00081.x. Go to original source...
  49. Forlin, C., Douglas, G. and Hattie, J. (1996). Inclusive Practices: How Accepting are Teachers? International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 43(2): 119-33. DOI: 10.1080/0156655960430203. Go to original source...
  50. Sharma, U., Loreman, T., Forlin, C. and Earle, C. (2006). Attitudes, Concerns and Sentiments about Inclusive Education: An International Comparison of Novice Pre-service Teachers [online]. International Journal of Special Education, 21(2): 80-93. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ843609.pdf.
  51. Nakro, K. R. (2019). Attitude of B.Ed. Student Teachers towards Inclusive Education. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Research in Allied Education, 16(6). DOI: 10.29070/JASRAE. Go to original source...
  52. Hsien, M. L. W. (2007). Teacher Attitude towards Preparation for Inclusion - in Support of a Unified Teacher Education Programme. Post Graduate Journal of Education Research, 8(1): 49-60.
  53. Parsuram, K. (2006). Variables that Affect Teachers' Attitudes towards Disability and Inclusive Education in Mumbai, India. Disability and Society, 21(3): 231-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590600617352. Go to original source...
  54. Bharti (2016). Are the Pre-service Teacher Training Degree Courses Preparing Teachers for Addressing the Needs of Inclusive Classrooms? Educational Quest, 7(3): 261-74. DOI: 10.5958/2230-7311.2016.00047.7. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.